![]() In the 1950s, most vitamins and multivitamins were available for sale to the general public to prevent deficiencies, some receiving a good amount of marketing in popular magazines such as promoting cod liver oil containing vitamin D as bottled sunshine. The U.S government also began fortifying foods with specific nutrients to prevent deficiencies common at the time, such as adding iodine to salt to prevent goiter, and adding folic acid to grain products to reduce birth defects during pregnancy. Vitamins were obtained only from food until the 1930s when commercially made supplements of certain vitamins became available. The discovery of all vitamins occurred by 1948. Funk is considered the father of vitamin therapy, as he identified nutritional components that were missing in diseases of deficiency like scurvy (too little vitamin C), beri-beri (too little vitamin B1), pellagra (too little vitamin B3), and rickets (too little vitamin D). ![]() In 1912, biochemist Casimir Funk was the first to coin the term “vitamin” in a research publication that was accepted by the medical community, derived from “vita” meaning life, and “amine” referring to a nitrogenous substance essential for life. Soon after, researchers determined specific amounts of vitamins needed to avoid diseases of deficiency. Chemists worked to identify a vitamin’s chemical structure so it could be replicated. After years of observation, experiments, and trial and error, they were able to distinguish that some diseases were not caused by infections or toxins-a common belief at the time-but by vitamin deficiencies. It was the combined efforts of epidemiologists, physicians, chemists, and physiologists that led to our modern day understanding of vitamins and minerals. Vitamins and their precise requirements have been controversial since their discovery in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Learn more about vitamin supplementation. Multivitamins can play an important role when nutritional requirements are not met through diet alone. But not everyone manages to eat a healthful diet. ** May play a role in the human body, but adequate research regarding its nutritional importance is not available so RDA or AI has not been set.Ī diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, good protein packages, and healthful fats should provide most of the nutrients needed for good health. RDA is the average daily dietary intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of 97-98% of healthy individuals in a particular group according to stage of life and gender. An AI is a recommended intake when an RDA can’t be determined. Not determined however a chronic disease risk reduction intake has been established Vitamin B6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine) Vitamin A (preformed = retinol beta-carotene can be converted to Vitamin A) ![]() Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or Daily Adequate Intake (AI)* Recommended Daily Intake of Vitamins and Minerals for Adults Vitamin (Common Names) Learn more about vitamins and minerals and their recommended intakes in the table below. The guidelines are based on available reports of deficiency and toxicity of each nutrient. The DRIs are specific to age, gender, and life stages, and cover more than 40 nutrient substances. These are intended as a guide for good nutrition and as a scientific basis for the development of food guidelines in both the U.S. In the U.S., the National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) develops nutrient reference values called the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for vitamins and minerals. copper, iodine, and zinc) needed in very small amounts. While you’re likely familiar with calcium, sodium, and potassium, there is a range of other minerals, including trace minerals (e.g. ![]() Minerals are inorganic elements present in soil and water, which are absorbed by plants or consumed by animals. Any water-soluble vitamins unused by the body is primarily lost through urine. Water-soluble vitamins ( vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate) must dissolve in water before they can be absorbed by the body, and therefore cannot be stored. Fat-soluble vitamins ( vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K) dissolve in fat and tend to accumulate in the body. Vitamins are organic substances that are generally classified as either fat soluble or water soluble. However, these micronutrients are not produced in our bodies and must be derived from the food we eat. Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients required by the body to carry out a range of normal functions.
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